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Camouflaged Uniforms Of The Wehrmacht
Camouflaged Uniforms Of The Wehrmacht >> https://urllie.com/2tl30c
The Reichswehr (Army of the Weimar Republic) started experimenting with camouflage patterns for Wehrmacht uniforms before World War II and some army units used Splittertarnmuster (\"splinter camouflage pattern\"), first issued in 1931, and based on Zeltbahn shelter halves/groundsheets. Waffen-SS combat units used various patterns from 1935 onwards. The SS camouflage patterns were designed by Johann Georg Otto Schick, a Munich art professor and then the director of the German camouflage research unit,[a] at the request of an SS Major, Wim Brandt. Brandt was an engineer and the commander of the SS-VT reconnaissance battalion, and he was looking for better camouflage. Schick had researched the effect of light on trees in summer and in autumn. These led to the idea of reversible camouflage clothing, with green summer patterns on one side, brown autumn patterns on the other. In 1937, the patterns were field tested by the SS-VT Deutschland regiment, resulting in an estimate that they would cut casualties by fifteen percent.[b] In 1938, a reversible spring/autumn helmet cover, smock, and sniper's face mask in Schick's forest patterns on waterproof cotton duck were patented for the Waffen-SS. The patent is said to have prevented the Wehrmacht from using the patterns, which became a distinctive emblem of the Waffen-SS during the war. However, patterned uniforms were worn by some other units, including from 1941 the Luftwaffe, which had its own version of Splittertarnmuster,[3] as well as the Kriegsmarine (navy), the Fallschirmjäger (paratroops), and the Waffen-SS.[4][5][6] The 1945 Leibermuster was planned to be issued to both the SS and the Wehrmacht, but it appeared too late to be widely distributed.[3]
Following the First World War, Germany was one of the first countries to introduce mass-produced camouflage, and to apply consistent designs to military vehicles. It was not until the Second World War that camouflage development truly blossomed as a science and an art. Not only was Germany one of the original nations to implement military issued camouflage, but it was unequivocably the most prolific developer and user of camouflage designs during WW2. Both the German Wehrmacht (Army) and the Waffen-SS were issued a wide vareity of camouflage uniforms during the war, with many of the German designs later having significant influence on the camouflage patterns adopted by other nations. Many would consider the German camoufleurs of the 1940s to be the fathers of 20th century camouflage design, although in fact they must share that credit with developers from certain other nations as well.
Several books have been written on the subject of German WW2 camouflage. Daniel Peterson has written two - one dealing with Wehrmacht and one with Waffen-SS camouflage [2] [3] - both also containing information on postwar uniforms. Werner Palinckx has written a book with Dr. J.F. Borsarello [4] on German Wehrmacht uniforms. Michael Beaver wrote with Dr. J.F. Borsarello a book on Waffen-SS uniforms [5]
Germany was one of the greatest innovators of military camouflage in the Second World War, and a complete history of WW2 era German military camouflage can be found in the seperate article on Germany (Third Reich). Although rebuilt and trained largely under the auspices of Allied nations (particularly the United States and Great Britain), the West German Army nonetheless quickly embraced many of her predecessor's military traditions, including a healthy interest in the employment of camouflage uniforms. Initially, the Germans experimented with and modified a number of WW2 era patterns, including Leibermuster, Sumpfmuster, and variations of the Wehrmacht Splittermuster (splinter). Nevertheless, the majority of the German Army remained outfitted in olive drab for the next twenty-five or more years, in keeping with unofficial NATO standards.
With minimizing signal-to-noise ratio [10] being the new primary role of uniforms, their importance in identification has been largely forgotten. During the Normandy landings in 1944, the US Marines deployed a modified version of the camouflage pattern used successfully in the Pacific theatre. However, as it reportedly resembled German Waffen-SS patterns from a distance [11], it was quickly discarded and US troops reverted to standard olive green uniforms. In the 1970s, the geopolitical importance of the Middle East started to increase and several countries began to consider deploying camouflage specifically made for arid environments. The British design was also sold to the formerly allied Iraq [12]. This transaction resulted in an unfortunate situation 10 years later at the onset of the Gulf War: British and Iraqi soldiers were wearing identical camouflage, which could have led to friendly fire. To avoid this, the British military was forced to rapidly replace its desert uniforms. These two examples illustrate that a failure to consider the recognition function of camouflage could have grave consequences.
Recently, several militaries have issued patterns where subtle modifications undeniably create a distinctive national look. For example, Jordan and Croatia fielded uniforms (electronic supplementary material, figure S3) where a patch in the pattern resembles the outline of the country. The United Kingdom has recently adopted a variation of the globally successful MultiCam pattern [13], where the British military specifically requested inclusion of elements of the previous disruptive pattern material (DPM) pattern to ease identification [14]. To our knowledge, this is the only example in the military literature (i.e. manuals and patents) where a pattern is explicitly designed to help soldiers recognize each other; most shifts concerning function beyond concealment are implicit and have not been scientifically validated. We consider two historical events, which had conspicuous impacts on the camouflage design of countries being involved in the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact (WP) and the break-up of Yugoslavia.
Soldiers (German: Soldaten), or Infantry (German: Infanterie), are the most frequently encountered enemies in Return to Castle Wolfenstein. They are generally armed with Lugers, MP-40s, Mausers (with Scope sometimes) and in a few levels, Stens. There are two varieties, Wehrmacht soldiers with their field gray or camouflage uniforms, and SS soldiers, recognized by their black uniforms.
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During World War II, the German Army at that time utilized uniforms that allowed themselves to blend in with trees. It was in large part because of this that the Treebark camouflage was later developed. In addition, the Wehrmacht also developed the raindrop camouflage during the war. The Germans also implemented the Splitter camo on various aircraft as a means to camouflage them during aerial combat.
After it was decided that the military would have to adopt camouflage during the 1960s. When it became apparent that the United States would end up having more direct involvement in Vietnam, they created a leaf-patterned camouflage, aptly named leaf camouflage, which allowed the wearer to blend in more effectively within the trees. In addition, the Tree Bark camouflage was also adopted by the military in large part due to Germany's usage of the uniform during World War II. The U.S. forces also expressed interest in the Vietnamese tigerstripe camouflage after it saw usage, and eventually based the uniforms of the Green Berets and the current U.S. Air Force uniforms on the camo. Some copies of the XM16E1 assault rifle were also modified by gunsmiths to include camouflage patterns.
Olive Drabs also acted as the official uniform for GIs, and while they didn't possess camouflage properties much, they do blend in with urban environments such as military bases. The Boss wore an Olive Drab uniform immediately prior to her ultimate defection to the Soviet Union in 1964. It was ultimately replaced with camouflage uniforms. The Woodland camouflage also came out around 1967, which was based on camouflage research done in 1948. In addition, it was issued to special forces in Vietnam.
Besides the standard camouflage uniforms of the Marines, the Marines also adopted a form of camouflage during the Tanker Incident, where they, or rather, the skeleton crew charged with patrolling the upper decks of the dummy tanker USS Discovery, wore light-blue raincoats and orange jumpsuits in order to disguise their motives of transporting Metal Gear RAY on-board the Discovery from the general public. The tanker itself also acted as camouflage for the transport of RAY, as it was supposed to appear as a regular oil tanker to the public. 59ce067264